User:Mr. Ibrahem/Aplastic anemia
| Mr. Ibrahem/Aplastic anemia | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Aplastic anaemia, bone marrow failure[1] |
 | |
| Micrograph of bone marrow taken from a person with aplastic anemia. The bone marrow is mostly fat cells with few blood forming cells.[2] | |
| Specialty | Oncology, hematology |
| Symptoms | Weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, infections, bleeding[3] |
| Duration | Long term[3] |
| Causes | Unknown, following a viral infections, Fanconi anemia, exposure to chemicals, medications or radiation[3][4] |
| Diagnostic method | Based on blood tests and bone marrow biopsy[5] |
| Differential diagnosis | Myelodysplastic syndrome, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, pure red cell aplasia[6][3] |
| Treatment | Stem cell transplantation, eltrombopag, ciclosporin, anti-thymocyte globulin, corticosteroids, blood transfusions[4][7] |
| Prognosis | Variable[3] |
| Frequency | 0.6 to 6 per million per year[3] |
Aplastic anemia is a long term condition in which the bone marrow fails to produce blood cells in sufficient numbers.[3] Most people have low levels of all blood cell types: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets.[6] Symptoms can include weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, infections, and bleeding.[3]
The cause is unclear in 65% of cases.[3] Other cases may occur following a viral infections, due to a genetic conditions such as Fanconi anemia, or exposure to chemicals, medications or radiation.[3][4] The diagnosis may be suspected based on low blood cells together with low reticulocytes and the absence of changes concerning for blood cancer.[3] The diagnosis is confirmed by a bone marrow biopsy finding mostly fat cells instead of blood forming cells.[5]
Treatment may be directed at the underlying cause.[3] The preferred treatment is often a hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.[4] Otherwise options may include eltrombopag and immunosuppressive medicationss such as ciclosporin, anti-thymocyte globulin, and corticosteroids.[4][7] Blood transfusions may be required but may make later stem cell transplantation more difficult.[4][7]
Aplastic anemia affected about 0.6 to 6 people per million per year.[3] Males and females are affected equally frequently.[3] The condition is slightly more common in childhood and people in their early 20s.[3] Outcomes are variable and depend on a persons age and response to treatment.[3] The condition was first described in 1885.[6] The disease was the cause of death of Marie Curie.[8]
References[edit]
- ^ "Aplastic Anemia". www.nhlbi.nih.gov. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ Stibbe, KJ; Wildschut, HI; Lugtenburg, PJ (15 February 2011). "Management of aplastic anemia in a woman during pregnancy: a case report". Journal of medical case reports. 5: 66. doi:10.1186/1752-1947-5-66. PMID 21324109.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Moore, CA; Krishnan, K (January 2020). "Aplastic Anemia". PMID 30480951.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ a b c d e f "Aplastic Anemia - Hematology and Oncology". Merck Manuals Professional Edition. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ a b Rodak, Bernadette F.; Fritsma, George A.; Doig, Kathryn (2007). Hematology: Clinical Principles and Applications. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 262. ISBN 978-1-4160-3006-5.
- ^ a b c Young, Neal S. (2018-10-25). "Aplastic Anemia". The New England Journal of Medicine. 379 (17): 1643–1656. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1413485. ISSN 1533-4406. PMC 6467577. PMID 30354958.
- ^ a b c "Aplastic anemia | Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD) – an NCATS Program". rarediseases.info.nih.gov. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
- ^ Mamourian, Alexander C. (2013). CT Imaging: Practical Physics, Artifacts, and Pitfalls. OUP USA. p. 38. ISBN 978-0-19-978260-4.