Columbia Falls Air Force Station

Columbia Falls Air Force Station
Part of Electronic Systems Division Air Force Materiel Command (AFMC)
Columbia Falls AFS Location of Columbia Falls AFS, Maine
Coordinates	44°47′42″N 067°48′41″W
Type	Air Force Station
Site information
Controlled by	United States Air Force
Condition	cold storage / deactivated
Site history
Built	1980s
Built by	GE Aerospace
In use	1970s-1990s
Materials	AN/FPS-118 Rx over-the-horizon backscatter radar array
Garrison information
Garrison	776 Radar Squadron

Columbia Falls Air Force Station is a closed United States Air Force radar station in Washington County, Maine. Located 16.0 miles (25.7 km) northwest of Machias, Maine and 10.0 miles (16.1 km) north of Columbia Falls, it went operational in 1990 but was closed in 1997 and placed in "warm storage" with minimal maintenance. It was deactivated and placed in "cold storage" in 2002.

History

Development of Columbia Falls AFS can be traced to work undertaken by USAF engineers in the early 1970s who were developing an Over-the-horizon radar (OTH-B) system. But that's not quite how they sit today, old, forgotten and overgrown is a better description, and for good reason. Locals say these radar bases were built on top of ancient Indian burial grounds. The place where warrior spirits lay to rest.

It's not official but many say this is the reason for permanent closure. When the base was active strange things happened. There was multiple formal reports of random equipment malfunction, confidential reports being left open, constant static over the radios, and an eerie atmosphere. Multiple cases report night guards seeing figures looking in from gates, only not to be seen upon investigation.

Engineers were also baffled at the winged-creature infestation. They had a major problems with bats and owls at all three of the locations. Pesticides nor exterminators could keep them away, ultimately leading to permeant habibiation upon closure. Some say it's a coincidence these three bases are in a triangle but many say other wise. We'll never really know who these bases were trying to contact.

The system was based on a frequency modulation/continuous wave (FM/CW) radar capable of detecting and tracking objects at over-the-horizon ranges.  In concept it involved bouncing radar signals off the ionosphere which allows radar to overcome the curvature of the Earth.

The first, most northernmost 60 degree sector of coverage was built as the OTH-B Experimental Radar System (ERS). At that time the operations were conducted at the receive site at Columbia Falls AFS. The system was bi-static, with the transmitter being located at Moscow Air Force Station. System and Initial Operational testing was conducted from June 1980 to June 1981. Successful testing resulted in the decision to develop operational OTH-B systems for the east and west coasts and in Alaska.

The east coast OTH-B system was designed and built by GE Aerospace and consisted of an AN/FPS-118 radar with the transmitter located at Moscow AFS and the receiver at the newly constructed Columbia Falls AFS. The transmitter and receiver stations were manned by personnel of the 776th Radar Squadron. Data processing took place at Maine Air National Guard's Bangor Air National Guard Base which was close to the geographic halfway point between the TX/RX facilities.

The east coast OTH-B system was tested in the late 1980s and went operational when it was handed over to USAF in 1990. It was the largest of the three OTH-B systems and was so powerful that it could even detect changes in ocean currents. Transmissions from the Moscow AFS site covered an arc from 16.5° to 76.5° and from 900 km (560 mi) to 3,300 km (2,100 mi) in range.

The fall of the Soviet Union and end of the Cold War saw the OTH-B systems rendered obsolete for detecting intruding military aircraft, however, the east coast OTH-B continued operations until 1997 and its data saw use by the United States Border Patrol for tracking aircraft used by drug smugglers, as well as the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration which made use of the measurements of ocean currents and weather patterns.

The facility was placed in "warm storage" in 1997 and in 2002 it was deactivated and placed in "cold storage" with equipment removed from the site.

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Air Force Historical Research Agency

External links

• Information for Columbia Falls, ME
• Historic American Engineering Record (HAER) No. ME-98, "Over-the-Horizon Backscatter Radar Network, Moscow, Somerset County, ME", 9 data pages
• Additional HAER documentation, all filed under Over-the-Horizon Backscatter Radar Network, Columbia Falls Radar Site, at the end of Shadagee Ridge Road, Columbia Falls, Washington County, ME:
  • HAER No. ME-101-A, "Receive Sector One Receiver Building", 4 photos, 3 data pages, 1 photo caption page
  • HAER No. ME-101-B, "Receive Sector One Antenna Array", 1 photo, 3 data pages, 1 photo caption page
  • HAER No. ME-101-C, "Receive Sector One Water Storage Tank", 2 data pages
  • HAER No. ME-101-D, "Receive Sector One Garage", 1 photo, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page
  • HAER No. ME-101-E, "Receive Sector One Communications Antennas", 1 photo, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page
  • HAER No. ME-101-F, "Receive Sector Two Receiver Building", 3 data pages
  • HAER No. ME-101-G, "Receive Sector Two Antenna Array", 5 photos, 3 data pages, 1 photo caption page
  • HAER No. ME-101-H, "Receive Sector Two Water Storage Tank", 3 data pages
  • HAER No. ME-101-I, "Receive Sector Three Receiver Building", 4 photos, 3 data pages, 1 photo caption page
  • HAER No. ME-101-J, "Receive Sector Three Antenna Array", 2 photos, 3 data pages, 1 photo caption page
  • HAER No. ME-101-K, "Receive Sector Three Water Storage Tank", 1 photo, 2 data pages, 1 photo caption page